Sunday, August 2, 2009

La Cenerentola by Sir Peter Hall

From Operanews.com

BERLIN — La Cenerentola, Deutsche Oper Berlin, 5/20/09

Deutsche Oper Berlin’s final new production of the season was the German premiere of Peter Hall’s elegant take on Rossini’s La Cenerentola (or Aschenputtel, as the fairy tale is known in German), originally staged at the 2005 Glyndebourne Festival (seen May 20). Coming at the end of an especially dynamic DOB season that saw premieres of forgotten operas (Die Ägyptische Helena, Marie Victoire) and striking — if not always successful — new visions for more popular fare (Tannhäuser, Ariadne auf Naxos), this traditional production of a repertory standard proved anti-climactic.

Stylish sets and costumes lent a decorous, somewhat musty flavor to the performance: although the designs were well-suited in a good old-fashioned way to the light, energetic nature of Rossini’s early masterwork, they generally lacked the edge and verve that this reviewer looks for in contemporary productions. The most artistically compelling design element on offer was Peter Mumford’s stark, finely focused lighting, realized at DOB by Jerry Skelton.

But there was plenty of good news in the vocal department. Romanian mezzo-soprano Ruxandra Donose lent her earthy, dark-hued voice to the title role. Her singing rang out clear, rich and well-balanced and she navigated the runs with remarkable ease and assurance, a few shrill high notes aside. Her highly polished “Non piu mesta,” capped a thoroughly accomplished performance and earned her showers of applause.

Martina Welschenbach and Lucia Cirillo sang the evil stepsisters, Clorinda and Tisbe, respectively, with appropriate histrionics neatly alternating malice and goofiness. They were a pleasure to watch, even if they often seemed vocally interchangeable. Of the two, Cirillo, an Italian mezzo-soprano, had more success distinguishing herself.

Top vocal honors among the men went to Mario Zeffiri, a Greek tenor known for his interpretations of bel canto repertory. He put his buttery, agile voice to heroic use, tearing through his runs with alacrity, few perceivable breaks and ringing high notes.

DOB ensemble member Simon Pauly, a German baritone, was less supple as Dandini, but he made up for his vocal imperfections with effective comic acting: there was much heft and wit to his somewhat rough-hewn singing.

The evening’s Don Magnifico was bass-baritone Lorenzo Regazzo, who wore his despicable character’s ruin almost proudly, communicating it through a pointed, seething delivery that was occasionally overwhelmed by the orchestra. The routine drowning-out of the soloists seemed due to a last-minute substitution for the scheduled conductor, Paolo Arrivabeni. Filling in for Arrivabeni was Guillermo Garcia Calvo, a young Spanish maestro who is engaged at the Vienna State Opera. He delivered an incisive, intelligent and lively performance that was rich with drama and humor despite its balance problems.

A. J. GOLDMANN

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Harms Triumphs with Berlin Tannhäuser

From Operanews.com

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BERLIN — Tannhäuser, Deutsche Oper Berlin, 5/10/09

It appears that Intendant Kirsten Harms may be making Deutsche Oper the most consistently interesting opera house in Berlin. Not that the company’s new Tannhäuser, which had its premiere in November 2008 and returned for three additional performances in May, was an unqualified triumph. But it was a staging of undeniable courage and surprising clarity of vision. Like her 2007 production of the double-headed Cassandra/Elektra, Harms’s DOB Tannhäuser was as remarkable for its savagery as for its moments of transcendence.

Performed in the Dresden version, this Tannhäuser was a dazzling, epic production with more than a few baffling touches. It featured naked nymphs, flying gargoyles, a fairy-tale medieval court for the Act II contest scene and sinful pilgrims roasting in a fiery pit of hell. If it wasn’t always clear what message Harms was trying to convey in moments such the final act, here set it in a military hospital, the occasional indeterminacy of the staging only contributed to the cumulative effect.

Magnificent singing accompanied Harms’s bizarre tableaux. The May 10 performance offered a rare and unexpected chance to hear the extraordinary Ivar Gilhuus, a longtime soloist at the Norwegian State Opera, in the title role. (The Norwegian filled in for indisposed American tenor Scott MacAllister.) From the start of Act I, Gilhuus was in excellent form, delivering well-sculpted phrases with a freshness and energy that he retained (against the odds) all evening long. Although Gilhuus’s sheer vocal force was undeniable from the beginning of the night, his heroic tenor was undermined by some rather wooden acting and, early on, a curiously unvaried declaiming style. As the performance progressed, he gained dramatic confidence equal to his singing abilities. He faltered most visibly at the end of Act II: his “Nach Rom!” lacked the appropriate oomph.

Gilhuus’s colleagues were equally riveting when they hit their targets, which was more often than not. To German soprano Nadja Michael fell the demanding task of singing both Venus and Elisabeth. Michael gave full measure to the goddess of love with her wild, deliriously agile voice; she brought a refreshing amount of earthiness and sensuality to the virginal Elisabeth. In the end, the two characters were not so clearly differentiated as they could have been — one supposes that was part of the reason for casting Michael in both roles — but the soprano was always vocally electrifying and physically alluring. Her chief problem was consistently — and maddeningly — indistinct diction.

The ever-dependable Markus Brück made a persuasive Wolfram, who in this production is Tannhäuser’s active rival for Elisabeth. His “Abendstern” aria became a love song to the dying Elisabeth, charged with equal measures of spiritual and corporeal yearning. His ardent legato was the cornerstone of a refreshingly straightforward interpretation. Kurt Rydl has been in better form that he mustered here as Hermann. His steely voice often turned raspy, and his low notes were off-target at times. Lenus Carlson, another old hand, was impassioned as Biterolf but had some trouble staying on pitch. Clemens Bieber’s Walther, while more controlled, was halting and indistinct.

Conductor Philippe Auguin led a white-hot performance, propelling the orchestra with such force and momentum that the singers at times rushed to keep up. Luckily, audibility was never a problem, partially because the frequently mobile set produced an echo that reverberated eerily through the theater.

A. J. GOLDMANN

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Wednesday, July 22, 2009

Marie Victoire at the DOB

From Operanews.com:

IN REVIEW
BERLIN — Marie Victoire, Deutsche Oper Berlin, 4/22/09

Ottorino Respighi’s Marie Victoire arrived at Deutsche Oper Berlin in April for five performances (seen April 22). Marie Victoire was written in 1913 but went unperformed until 2004, when the Teatro dell’Opera di Roma presented its stage premiere under the baton of Gianluigi Gelmetti. The French-language libretto of Edmond Guiraud, adapted from his play of the same name, deals with the tribulations of a countess who survives the French Revolution and its aftermath by dint of luck.

The DOB production by Johannes Schaaf was alternately striking and slapdash, a concept that proved hauntingly effective in communicating the drastic changes from the ancien régime to the rise of the bourgeoisie. The sansculottes and Jacobins of the preposterously mannered Act I had much in common with the rabble in Mel Brooks’s History of the World, Part I. More effective were Act II’s Reign of Terror, in which a debauched aristocracy put on a Baroque opera in the shadow of the guillotine, and Act III’s evocation of early-nineteenth-century middle-class city life.

Respighi’s expansive score has much to recommend it, chiefly the rich, if oversaturated, orchestration that registers as a bizarre hybrid of Strauss, Debussy and Ponchielli. The score also incorporates many militaristic and sacred motifs and effects (snare drums and church bells abound), as well as musical citations from late-eighteenth-century French opera. However, the glut of musical references and styles provides too heavy an accompaniment for the comparatively impoverished vocal writing. Extended lyrical passages frequently turn monotonous; melisma is put in service of melodrama and gives the work a mock-heroic flavor. There are some stirring arias and choruses, but all in all one has the impression of listening to a lushly colored (and über-long) tone poem supplemented by voices. One imagines Respighi tinkering to strike out a third way between Wagner and Verdi and coming up with this quasi-symphonic solution.

Marie Victoire poses difficulties to an opera house above and beyond the usual travails involved in reclaiming a lost work: the piece contains more than twenty singing roles. DOB assembled a worthy lineup that included both ensemble members and guest singers.

The young African–American soprano Takesha Meshé Kizart sang the title role with impressive lyricism and stamina, her powerful high notes and coloratura shadings supplemented by controlled dynamism and keen dramatic conviction. Occasionally, phrases that lay in the passaggio or her middle to low range turned heavy and molasses-like.

DOB stalwart Markus Brück played Marie’s husband, Maurice de Lanjallay who is presumed dead for much of the opera. Brück put his velvety baritone to excellent use. Bass-baritone Stephen Bronk, in the more substantial role of Cloteau, Marie’s onetime servant and later her warden at a revolutionary prison, struck the right tone between arrogance, humility and affection that his conflicted character required. Simon Pauly, cast as the conscientious writer Simon, deployed a stirring, robust voice but came across as stiff and overly noble. Tenor Germân Villar sang the amorous Clorivière with appropriate doses of nobility and lyricism. His effortless volume and even production held up until the remarkably tense final scene. The orchestra sounded superb, though conductor Michail Jurowski had difficulty establishing dynamic levels that were kind to his singers. In his hands, however, the score sounded more thickly lacquered, full-blooded and strange than in Gelmetti’s approach five years ago. Let’s hope that further productions or a commercial recording can make this worthy opera known to a wider audience.

A. J. GOLDMANN

Posted by A.J. Goldmann at 10:20:43 | Permalink | Comments (3)

Monday, May 11, 2009

Berlin Opera - 2009 - 2010

The three opera houses here made their upcoming seasons public in late April. As much as I’d like to believe that the opera scene is impervious to the worldwide financial fiasco, the scaled-down nature of the upcoming seasons gives pretty strong evidence to the contrary. Both the Staatsoper unter den Linden and the Deutsche Oper Berlin will be presenting four new productions, down from six and seven respectively this season. Ironically - or at least unexpectedly - the Komische Oper Berlin, which receives the fewest subsidies of the three houses, has seven premieres planned for the 2009 / 2010 season…an audacious move in this economic climate. Further to that, I just discovered on the KOB’s website that they’ll be upgrading the seats in the baroque auditorium to become Berlin’s first opera house with individual subtitles. Interested parties can purchase the old opera seats for 50 Euros a piece (discount available for bulk orders). Here’s your chance to own a piece of opera history! Contact  rausdamit@komische-oper-berlin.de to place an order…today!

The Staatsoper will be undergoing a thorough renovation in 2011 that’s set to last at least three years. This fact might explain why their final full season pre-renovation is so “light.”Among the premieres, Federico Tiezzi’s production of Simon Boccanegra with Placido Domingo in the title role seems the some promising, as well as Dale Duesing’s staging of Chabrier’s L’Etoile, conducted by Sir Simon Rattle and starring Magdalena Kozena.

Many productions from the 2008/2009 season will appear in rep. None of the revivals seems overly exciting, except a dream Tristan with Waltraud Meier, Peter Sieffert and Rene Pape.

At the DOB, what seems most intriguing at this point is Intendantin Kirsten Harms’ new production of Die Frau ohne Schatten, which arrives in late September with Manuela Uhl, Doris Soffel and Robert Brubaker, Johan Reuter and Eva Johansson. News of this production is especially welcome after the Met decided to scrap their FroSch from next season’s schedule for financial reasons.

I’m also excited for the new Rienzi by Philipp Stölzl that will be presented during the Richard Wagner Festival Weeks during the winter (Nov - Feb), which will feature all of Wagner’s 10 other biggies - including yet another revival of Götz Friedrich’s weathered production of Der Ring des Nibelungen.

I guess that leaves the KOB, whose season includes a new Rigoletto by Barrie Kosky and Aribert Riemann’s Lear in a production by Hans Neuenfels.

Below is a list of all the new productions at each house (concert perfs not included):

-Deutsche Oper Berlin-

Die Frau ohne Schatten - R. Strauss

Barbiere di Siviglia - Rossini

Rienzi - Wagner

Otello - Verdi

-Deutsche Staatsoper unter den Linden-

Simon Boccanegra - Verdi

Fledermaus - J. Strauss

Agrippina - Handel

L’etoile - Chabrier

- Komische Oper Berlin -

Rigoletto - Verdi

Der Rote Zora - Naske

Lear - Riemann

Don Pasquale - Donizetti

Fidelio  - Beethoven

Orlando - Handel

La Périchole - Offenbach

Posted by A.J. Goldmann at 11:37:03 | Permalink | Comments (4)

Thursday, April 2, 2009

Die Ägytische Helena

Originally published at Operanews.com

BERLIN — Die Ägyptische Helena, Deutsche Oper Berlin, 1/18/09


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When Kirsten Harms assumed artistic management of Deutsche Oper Berlin, during the 2007–08 season, she made clear her commitment to presenting forgotten works by composers both obscure and well known. In her first season as Intendantin, the house mounted arresting productions of Vittorio Gnecchi’s Cassandra (performed in tandem with Strauss’s Elektra) and Walter Braunfels’s Jeanne d’Arc — Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna. The trend to resurrect lost work continues this season with new productions of Strauss’s Die Ägyptische Helena and Respighi’s Marie Victoire.

Helena arrived at the house on January 18, in a production directed and designed by Marco Arturo Marelli, with costumes by Dagmar Niefind. It was less visually arresting than last season’s “rediscoveries” (in particular Christoph Schlingensief’s overstuffed take on the Braunfels opera) but also potentially less distracting.

This curious 1928 fantasy is the fifth collaboration between Richard Strauss and his favored librettist, Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Helena belongs in the pantheon of high-flying Strauss heroines, yet this opera feels oddly superfluous: it has remained outside the standard opera-house repertory for eighty years. There have been recent efforts to revive it, including a 2002 recording from Leon Botstein and the ASO and a flashy 2007 production at the Metropolitan Opera. Both those projects were made possible by the participation of soprano Deborah Voigt, the paradigm of the vocal powerhouse needed to carry this dramatically confusing and musically oversaturated work.

Ricarda Merbeth, a distinguished interpreter of Strauss, Mozart and Wagner and a veteran of Bayreuth and Vienna, was DOB’s Helena: the German soprano was the best thing about this uninspired production, which failed to make a case for the resurrection of this work. Merbeth has agility, heft and clarity to carry this demanding role off: it was scarcely her fault if she couldn’t manage to make sense of her character, or indeed much else of the heady libretto, an odd marriage of ancient myth and fantasy that falls squarely in between the self-consciously avant-garde Elektra and the sublimely ornamented Die Frau ohne Schatten. The plot is a historical what-if: in Hofmannstal’s reimagining of the Trojan War, Helena is whisked away from the murderous rage of her cuckolded husband, Menelaus, by the sorceress Aithra, who orchestrates a peaceful reconciliation between the two.

With Helena, Strauss continued his mad love affair with the female voice. Merbeth filled the house effortlessly, soaring above the dense orchestration: her bold, ornamented passages in the sumptuous Act II aria “Zweite Brautnacht” were particularly impressive.

Merbeth may have been the evening’s star attraction, but she was well supported by her colleagues. American soprano Laura Aikin was a bright-voiced, creamy Aithra, who held up well alongside Merbeth in their duets. Menelas, like so many Strauss tenor roles, is a punishing and thankless part, yet Robert Chafin — another American artist — gave the Spartan king a vocally convincing and dramatically compelling performance that cut through the thicket of female voices: his work was so brazen that he not only held his own against Merbeth and Aikin but seemed to be waging war against Strauss’s disdain for the male voice. The powerful Danish baritone Morten Frank Larsen and tenor Burkhard Ulrich also did excellent work as Helena’s suitors, Altair and Da-ud.

Though ill conceived — it combined garish design with fussy stagecraft — Marelli’s production didn’t seem to take itself seriously enough to become genuinely disruptive. The stage was bathed in blues, pinks and greens, and it rotated to reveal three different sets. Aithra’s island palace was an upscale brothel, with wig and corset-garbed floozies galore on tap to entertain visiting legionnaires. Here and in the desert, carnival-like murals of sand, palm trees and ruins adorned the walls. Luckily, Marelli’s trashier ideas did not encroach on the bedroom, seat of the main marital drama and the setting for the opera’s most compelling music. Here, an upside-down couch and palm-tree jutted out from the reflective wall — surrealistic touches that brought to mind the aforementioned (and superior) Met production by David Fielding.

The evening was about the singing and the music. Maestro Andrew Litton drew a lush, often bombastic account from the orchestra that heightened both the defects and merits of this imperfect work.

A. J. GOLDMANN

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Friday, July 4, 2008

Schlingensief does Lost Braunfels Opera Few Favors

Originally Published at Operanews.com

Jeanne D'Arc - Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna - Foto: Thomas Aurin

Walter Braunfels (1882–1954), a German composer labeled “degenerate” by the Nazis, is receiving a belated rehabilitation at the hands of Deutsche Oper Berlin, which pulled out all the stops for the world stage premiere of the composer’s 1942 opera Jeanne d’Arc — Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna (Joan of Arc — Scenes from the Life of St. Joan). There might be better news to report, however, had Deutsche Oper not decided to recruit one of the most controversial figures in opera today, Christoph Schlingensief, to stage this production (seen May 2).

Schlingensief gained the opera world’s attention in 2004 with a staging of Parsifal at Bayreuth that included time-lapse footage of decomposing rabbits. Schlingensief’s preparations for Johanna brought him to Nepal, where he took copious video of corpses being ceremoniously burned along the Ganges. That footage, projected across the entire stage for the better part of the evening, was but one element of a crude, chaotic and baffling production that made it exceedingly difficult to enjoy Braunfels’s fascinating score.

Braunfels was a popular opera composer in 1920s Germany. After World War II, he enjoyed a successful career as an academic, but his predominantly tonal musical style was considered old-fashioned. Braunfels never again found success as a composer.

In the last fifteen years, there has been a slight renaissance of interest in Braunfels. Johanna, which Braunfels worked on from 1938 to 1942, was first heard in Stockholm in 2001, in a concert performance conducted by Manfred Honeck. Even without Schlingensief’s overreaching production, this remains a fairly ambitious opera, with more than twenty singing roles and extensive choral writing. There was some unimpeachable singing to be heard at DOB, especially from Lenus Carlson as Trémouille and Paul McNamara as St. Michael. Daniel Kirsch was a sympathetic and slightly pathetic Dauphin, especially in his opening aria, an introspective number worthy of Verdi. Morten Frank Larsen was in fine form as well, as Gilles de Rais, Joan’s staunchest supporter. As the Maid of Orleans herself, Mary Mills played her role to a fever pitch, with a raw, exposed sound that was always honest if not always accurate. She was brazen and fearless, even if her high notes were somewhat strident.

However, the fine voices were visually overwhelmed by the frequently rotating sets of hospital rooms and funeral pyres, onto which were projected multiple images of burning corpses. This production suffered from an acute case of ADD: nothing was allowed to stay still, not even for a moment. Cows, goats and sheep were paraded across the stage. A row of young boys was ritually circumcised, or possibly castrated. An epileptic, emaciated mime twitched across the stage, smearing himself with blood. A midget wearing a red raincoat (à la Nicholas Roeg’s Don’t Look Now) accompanied the English soldiers who apprehend Joan.

A tight, eight-scene structure makes Johanna feel at times like an oratorio — in particular, a Passion — with its frequent alternation between clearly demarcated arias, arioso-like outpouring and extensive choruses. Dramatically speaking, the scenes are disjointed and often take on the character of chamber operas strung together by virtue of musical cues and motifs. This is music that is deeply scarred and fragmented, even if it does aspire to Wagnerian totality. The score serves a graphically illustrative purpose to Braunfel’s own libretto (based on the trial transcripts from 1431), which was hopelessly blurred by Schlingensief’s mess of a production.

All in all, it is wildly diverse music that evokes many different epochs. One surely hears the influence of Wagner and Verdi, but Weill and Hindemith poke through as well. There are jazzy horns and jaunty clarinets. The trumpet call that awakens Joan to her mission brings to mind Ives’s “Unanswered Question.” Bach and Telemann also echo in the devout and liturgical phrases. In the more rapturous moments, one feels the sweep of Berlioz, and in the expansive orchestral interludes, one finds hints of Richard Strauss.

In the pit, Ulf Schirmer conducted with a great deal of muscle and zest. The chorus of the DOB and the Staats- und Domchor Berlin (a renowned boy’s choir that dates from 1465) were well coordinated and effective, despite the strange configurations in which they were placed.

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Monday, April 7, 2008

A Berlin Ring

This just in from Opera News. Follow the original link here

IN REVIEW
BERLIN — Der Ring des Nibelungen, Deutsche Oper Berlin, 1/5, 6, 10, 12/08


Götz Friedrich’s 1984–85 production of the Ring arrived in January at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, carrying with it a mixed bag of musical and theatrical goods (seen Jan. 5, 6, 10 and 12). The sold-out cycle was presented over two weekends. There were several last-minute changes, most notably cancellations from the conductor Mikko Franck and American baritone Greer Grimsley, who was to sing Wotan.

In Das Rheingold, DOB found an excellent replacement in Johan Reuter, a bright-voiced, creamy baritone who infused Wotan with an unexpected degree of youthful ardor. In the first two evenings of the cycle, Fricka was the astonishing Marina Prudenskaja, an aristocratic mezzo who vented her righteous anger in a fierce, razor-like voice. Another standout was Oleg Bryjak as Alberich, a bloodcurdling bass who in this production controlled Nibelheim from an underground factory reminiscent of Fritz Lang’s film Metropolis. But the evening belonged to the boisterous and ironic Loge of Clemens Bieber, who dispensed his dubious advice with cunning glee and a self-confident, mellifluous tenor.

Die Walküre introduced James Johnson’s Wotan to the cycle. The capable baritone returned for the Wanderer in Siegfried, singing with deep, rounded if occasionally raspy tones, giving the god the proper balance of severity and vulnerability. The true star of Die Walküre was Christopher Ventris as Siegmund, who sang heroically and with impressive dramatic range. As his Wälsung sister, Sieglinde, Petra Lang was understated and unconvincing in Act I. In Act II, she registered greater dramatic commitment but sang with hysterical, uneven tones. Her best moment was a rapturous reaction to Brünnhilde’s annunciation.

Irène Theorin’s Brünnhilde was frustratingly uneven. She was in good voice for her striking Act II entrance and managed the “Hojotoho” with exciting assurance. However, she lacked the requisite stamina and was struggling by the beginning of Act III. For her final scene, Theorin sang more softly, which seemed to reduced the strain and paved the way for a smooth, effective ending of the opera.

Top vocal and dramatic honors in Siegfried belonged to Burkhard Ulrich, a cunning yet eminently likable Mime. As Siegfried, American tenor Stephen Gould, a Bayreuth veteran, made an equivocal impression: seemingly underpowered in Act I, he plowed through Act II with exciting juvenile ardor and maintained enough stamina for a satisfactory Act III love duet.

Alfons Eberz made for a much finer Siegfried in Götterdämmerung: his riveting heldentenor faltered only in the long Act III monologue. As the Siegfried and Götterdämmerung Brünnhildes, Luana DeVol was at her vengeful best in Act II of the final opera. She was less compelling when it came to expressing the transports of love; moments that called for airy smoothness were often wobbly. Her performance was tainted by frequent patches of strident vibrato and piercing high notes, especially regrettable in her immolation scene.

Lenus Carlson’s tentative performance as Gunther reinforced his character’s consummate spinelessness. Edith Haller was a naïve, and rosy-voiced Gutrune. Marina Prudenskaja had a rousing cameo as the Götterdämmerung Waltraute. The evening’s finest performance came from Matti Salminen, who sang Hagen with a netherworldly bass and menacing intensity.

The chorus of the DOB was well prepared as the Gibichungs. Among the cycle’s other integral vocal clusters, the Rhinemaidens and Norns were pitch-perfect and impressive, unlike the confused mess of leather-clad Valkyries.

Twenty-eight-year-old Finnish conductor Mikko Franck was to lead the entire cycle but bowed out on short notice. In his place, Lothar Zagrosek (aged sixty-five) and Philippe Auguin (aged forty-six) shared conducting duties, which made for a less unified cycle. Zagrosek was fiery and brisk. However, he often treated the individual leitmotifs in isolation rather than demonstrating their function in the larger musical fabric. Auguin’s performances were more careful and leisurely, although he was more prone to drown the singers out.

Friedrich’s production has enjoyed more than forty performances: wear and tear showed in some creaky sets and malfunctioning props. The stage concept, a massive “Time Tunnel” that connects the various worlds of the opera with our own, is visually striking yet underutilized. At the end of Götterdämmerung, after some confusing pyrotechnics, ostensible survivors of the wreckage huddle together and lift their eyes to an apocalyptic landscape inhabited by statuesque figures draped in white shrouds. The arresting visuals provided an effective complement to the cosmic musical bursts with which the opera concludes. It seemed to signal not only a farewell to the gods but the fact that this much-used production is perhaps ready to be retired.

A.J. GOLDMANN

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